MUSCOVY COMPANY FROM WIKIPEDIA, THE FREE ENCYCLOPEDIA

Ivan IV of Russia Shows His Treasury to Jerome Horsey (Alexander Litovchenko, 1875)

The Muscovy Company (also called the Russian Company or the Muscovy Trading Company, Russian: Московская компания, Moskovskaya kompaniya), was an English trading company chartered in 1555. It was the first major chartered joint stock company, the precursor of the type of business that would soon flourish in England, and became closely associated with such famous names as Henry Hudson and William Baffin. The Muscovy Company had a monopoly on trade between England and Muscovy until 1698 and it survived as a trading company until the Russian Revolution of 1917. Since 1917 the company has operated as a charity, now working within Russia.^[1]

Contents

• 1 History
  • 1.1 Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands
  • 1.2 Chartering of the Muscovy Company
  • 1.3 Trade through Russia
  • 1.4 Expansion
  • 1.5 Decline
• 2 References
• 3 Sources
• 4 Portrayal in fiction
• 5 External links

History

Map of Muscovy prepared by Anthony Jenkinson and Gerard de Jode (1593)

Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands

The Muscovy Company traces its roots to the Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands (in full: 'Mystery and Company of Merchant Adventurers for the Discovery of Regions, Dominions, Islands, and Places unknown') founded in 1551 by Richard Chancellor, Sebastian Cabot and Sir Hugh Willoughby, who decided to look for the Northeast Passage to China.
The first expedition of the Company of Merchant Adventurers was led by Willoughby, who seems^{[original research?]} to have been chosen for his leadership skills and unfortunately had no prior nautical or navigational experience. Chancellor would function as the navigator of the small fleet, which consisted of three ships: the Bona Esparanza under Willoughby, the Edward Bonaventure under Chancellor and the Bona Confidentia. The fleet departed from London on 10 May 1553, but near the Lofoten islands a storm hit the ships and separated Chancellor's vessel from the other two.
Willoughby eventually crossed the Barents Sea and reached Novaya Zemlya. He spent some time sailing along the coast, then turned south towards Scandinavia. However at the mouth of the Varzina River on the coast to the east of present-day Murmansk the ship became trapped in ice. Willoughby and the crew were not prepared for the cold, and after a few desperate failed attempts to find help he and his men froze to death in the extreme cold of the northern winter. Russian fishermen discovered the ship, laden with frozen corpses, the following year.
Chancellor was luckier. He penetrated the White Sea, where the local fishermen were amazed by the great size of his Western-built ship. He reached the harbour of Nikolo-Korelsky Monastery on the Northern Dvina river (near the present-day Arkhangelsk, which would be eventually founded in 1584 to service the growing trade). The region had just recently been added to Muscovy, and when Czar Ivan IV heard of Chancellor's arrival, he immediately invited the exotic guest to visit Moscow for an audience at the royal court.

Seal of the Russia Company

Chancellor made the journey of over 600 miles (over 1000 kilometres) to Moscow through snow- and ice-covered country. He found Moscow large (much larger than London) and primitively built, most houses being constructed of wood. However, the palace of the czar was very luxurious, as were the dinners he offered Chancellor. The Russian czar was pleased to open the sea trading-routes with England and other countries, as Russia did not yet have a safe connection with the Baltic Sea at the time and almost all of the area was contested by the neighbouring powers of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Swedish Empire. In addition, the Hanseatic League had a monopoly on the trade between Russia and Central and Western Europe. Chancellor was no less optimistic, finding a good market for his English wool, and receiving furs and other Russian continental goods in return. When he returned to England in 1554, he had letters from the czar with him, inviting English traders and promising trade privileges.

Chartering of the Muscovy Company

The Company of Merchant Adventurers was rechartered as the Muscovy Company by Mary I of England in 1555, and in the same year Chancellor left for Russia again. The Muscovy Company became an important diplomatic link between Muscovy and England, and was especially valued by the isolated Muscovy. Upon his arrival to the court of Ivan IV, Chancellor secured a number of privileges within Russia for the company, including free passage, control of English settlement, and freedom from arrest.^[2]
When Chancellor returned to England one year later in 1556, he was joined by the first Russian ambassador to England, Osip Nepeya. However at this juncture Chancellor's luck finally ran out. Off the Scottish coast, his ship was caught in a sudden storm and shipwrecked. Chancellor drowned, but Nepeya managed to reach the coast, where he was taken hostage by the Scots for a few months before they allowed him to travel on to London.

Trade through Russia

Anthony Jenkinson succeeded Chancellor as the main trader of the Muscovy Company. Jenkinson made two important voyages himself — one trying to reach Cathay overland from Moscow, eventually stopping at Bukhara; the other, between 1562 and 1579 to establish overland trade routes through Russia to Persia. Although Jenkinson verified that the overland route to Persia was a viable one, it was abandoned in 1573 due to difficulties in the region; the route did not reopen until Parliament reinstated the company's right to the route in 1741.^[3] In 1567, when Muscovy was faring badly in the Livonian War (1558-1583), Czar Ivan IV asked Jenkinson to sound out Queen Elizabeth I of England as a marriage prospect, providing a possible refuge for him if he was forced to flee the country. The negotiations yielded no results, and Ivan IV was soon forced to sign a ceasefire (1570) with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
In 1571, the company's right to free trade and navigation down the Volga was revoked by Ivan IV, who had been offended by English demands to close Russian trade to other European nations. Jenkinson returned to Moscow in 1572 in an attempt to restore the company's privileges, a task at which he was largely successful. However, a cooling of Anglo-Russian relations was evident. ^[4] This unease between the Muscovy Company and Russia continued to the end of the sixteenth century, under the anti-English dominated courts of Fyodor Ivanovich and Boris Gudonov.^[5]

Expansion

Queen Elizabeth I granted the Muscovy Company a monopoly charter on whaling in 1577. The primary and most profitable whaling grounds of this joint-stock company came to be centered around Spitsbergen in the early 17th century, and the company's royal charter of 1613 granted a monopoly on whaling in Spitsbergen, based on the (erroneous) claim that Hugh Willoughby had discovered the land in 1553.^[6][7] Initially the English tried to drive away competitors, but after a few years, they claimed rights only to the waters south of these Arctic islands.^[8]
Shortly after Chancellor's death in 1556, the Muscovy Company sent another voyage to discover the Northeast Passage, this time led by Steven Borough. He managed to sail through the Kara Gates, the strait between the islands of Vaygach and Novaya Zemlya in the Arctic Ocean. In 1607 and 1608, the company sent Henry Hudson in two separate voyages in an attempt to find the Northeast Passage. Both voyages were unsuccessful.^[9]

Decline

In 1646, Tsar Alexei I rescinded the exemption of the Muscovy Company from Russian customs, in response to the company's alleged support of the Parliamentarians in the English Civil War. After the execution of Charles I of England in 1648, Alexei I expelled English merchants from Russia altogether, except from the city Archangel.^[10][11] While the restoration of Charles II of England in 1660 resulted in a temporary thaw of relations between England and Russia, a 1664 embassy under Andrew Marvell proved unsuccessful in restoring the Muscovy Company's prior benefits. In the meantime, Dutch merchants replaced the English as the dominant traders in Russia.^[12] Nevertheless, the company held a monopoly on English-Russian trade until 1698, when it lost its privileges due to political opposition.^[13]
The Company helped provide churches and Anglican ministers at various times in Arkhangelsk, Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Kronstadt. It still supports St. Andrew's Anglican Church, Moscow. The Company continued in existence until the Russian Revolution of 1917 and has since operated mainly as a charity.^[1] St. Andrew's and the company headquarters (called the Old English Yard), built during the reign of Ivan IV not far from the Moscow Kremlin, were visited by Queen Elizabeth II in 1994.

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Guildhall Library Manuscripts, accessed January 26, 2011
2. ^ Olson, p. 769
3. ^ Olson, p. 769
4. ^ Gerson, p. 84
5. ^ Dmitrieva, p. 21
6. ^ Hudson, Henry; Georg Michael Asher (1860). Henry Hudson the Navigator: The Original Documents in which His Career is Recorded, Collected, Partly Translated, and Annotated. London: Hakluyt Society. pp. clix–clx.
7. ^ Schokkenbroek, Joost C.A. (2008). Trying-out: An anatomy of Dutch Whaling and Sealing in the Nineteenth Century, 1815-1885. p. 27.
8. ^ Schokkenbroek, p. 28.
9. ^ Olson, p. 770
10. ^ Coates, p. 123
11. ^ Dmitrieva, p. 28
12. ^ Dmitrieva, p. 28
13. ^ Eddy, p. 67

Sources

• Coates, Ben (2004). The Impact of the English Civil War on the Economy of London: 1642 - 50. Ashgate Publishing.
• Dmitrieva, Ol'ga (2006). Britannia and Muscovy. Yale University Press.
• Eddy, Anna (2007). English in the Russian Context: A Macrosociolinguistic Study. ProQuest.
• Gerson, Armand (1912). Studies in the History of English Commerce in the Tudor Period. University of Pennsylvania.
• Olson, James (1996). Historical Dictionary of the British Empire: K-Z. Greenwood Publishing Group.
• T. S. Willan, The Early History of the Russia Company, 1956, reprinted in 1968.

Portrayal in fiction

• Richard Chancellor's 1555 voyage to Moscow, and the return to Scotland and London are portrayed in Dorothy Dunnett's book The Ringed Castle.

External links

• Northern Lights Route
• Old English Court museum 1
• Old English Court museum 2
• Logo of the Company
• Bibliography of works related to the Company
• Sir Hugh Willoughby and Richard Chancellor
• Hamel, J. (1854). England and Russia; Comprising the Voyages of John Tradescant the Elder, Sir Hugh Willoughby, Richard Chancellor, Nelson, and others, to the White Sea, etc.. London: Richard Bentley.
• Richard Hakluyt:London's Role in Navigation and Discovery. Gresham Lecture by Anthony Payne.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscovy_Company